1. Rockies
   Maya
2. Sierra Nevadas
   Appalachians

Three of these mountain ranges are in the United States. The Maya range is in Central America.

1. Kosovo
   Slovenia
2. Serbia
   Bosnia

These are all former Yugoslavian nations, except Slovenia, which was never part of Yugoslavia. The Balkan states are now mostly peaceful and sovereign, with Kosovo being the most recent one to achieve independence.

1. Canberra
   Paris
2. Ottawa
   Ankara

Canberra, Ottawa, and Ankara are all capital cities that are not the largest city in their country. Paris is the capital of France as well as its largest city.

1. Uruguay
   Zambezi
2. Nile
   Congo

Africa has excellent rivers but the Uruguay is not one of them.

1. Contour line
   Isobar
2. Streamline
   Isallobar

A contour line is a line that joins all places of the same height above or below sea level, so it measures the ground. Streamlines, isobars, and isallobars all measure different lines of air pressure, airflow, or wind movements, so they measure the air.

1. Yangtze
   Ganges
2. Indus
   Congo

These are great rivers of Asia - except for the Congo, which is one of Africa's most important waterways. The Yangtze, Ganges, and Indus rivers are the main thoroughfares around which the civilizations of Asia rose.

1. Temperate
   Humid
2. Subtropical
   Arid

While all four of these describe localized climates, three of them can combine to create a single one: temperate, humid, and subtropical. Arid just means straight up dry.

1. Latvia
   Lithuania
2. Belarus
   Estonia

All four of these are former republics under the USSR - that is, communist Russia - but unlike the other three, Belarus is not a Baltic state. It is abundantly clear that Vladimir Putin's government sees all four of them as errant provinces, meaning these days, they have to be on their toes to ensure their continued independence.

1. Cologne
   Bonn
2. Mainz
   Vienna

Vienna is on the Danube River. The other three cities are on the Rhine.

1. Egypt
   Mali
2. Zimbabwe
   Niger

These are all powerful empires in Africa - except for Niger, which is one of the great rivers of Africa.

1. Mongolia
   Bolivia
2. Bhutan
   Kazakhstan

Three of these four landlocked countries are in Asia. The other one, Bolivia, is in South America.

1. Cartographic
   Geographic
2. Topographic
   Demographic

​Geographic, topographic, and cartographic are all either things that physically exist or ways to portray these physical features (e.g. the equator is not a real line on the planet but it is on maps). Demographic means the study of people and populations.

1. Pool
   Burn
2. Beck
   Brook

These are all regional names for a small stream - except for pool, which is a small area of standing water.

1. Temperate
   Boreal
2. Tropical
   Tundra

Tropical, temperate, and boreal are all types of forests, as defined by where on the planet they are and what sort of climate is around them. Woodland is a generic name for an area with lots of trees.

1. Bonn
   Strasbourg
2. Berlin
   Munich

Strasbourg sounds German, but it isn't! It's in France.

1. Guinea
   Papua New Guinea
2. Equatorial Guinea
   Guinea-Bissau

There are a lot of guineas, it's true - but only one of them is part of the Pacific Rim. The other Guineas are in Africa.

1. Venice
   London
2. York
   Birmingham

All these cities have an American counterpart named for them - except York, which has a counterpart that acknowledges it is not the original: New York.

1. Ice shelf
   Glacier
2. Snowpack
   Ice sheet

An ice sheet, snowpack, or glacier is on land. An ice shelf floats on the ocean.

1. Mughal
   Ottoman
2. Umayyad
   Songhai

That's right - three of these are Islamic empires, two of which existed in the Golden Age of Islam and one (Ottoman) lasting into and through World War I. The Songhai Empire in Africa was nominally Islamic, but only the court really adopted the faith: the people retained their other pre-Islamic religions and traditions.

1. Evergreen
   Coniferous
2. Deciduous
   Broad-leaved

Evergreen, deciduous, and coniferous are ways of describing how a tree gains or loses leaves. Broad-leaved is a type of tree - usually deciduous.

1. Tundra
   Savannah
2. Grassland
   Desert

Grassland is a generic name for a large grassy area (obviously). The others are all wide open spaces where the name tells you something about how much rainfall they get.

1. Antarctica
   Sahara
2. Kalahari
   Gobi

All of these are deserts, as defined by how much moisture comes from the sky - but Antarctica is the only cold one. That said, it gets less rain than the Sahara.

1. Monaco
   Singapore
2. Vatican City
   San Marino

Three of these are independent city states within Europe. Singapore is also a city state, but it is in Asia.

1. Pyroclastic cloud
   Magma
2. Lava
   Eruption

This one is all about volcanoes. Three of these are specific things that come out of a volcano. The other one - an eruption - is the general name for when a volcano starts blowing its top.

1. Virginia
   Connecticut
2. North Carolina
   Maryland

Three of these states were named to honor European royalty: Queen Elizabeth I of England, Charles IX of France (and later Charles I and II of England) and Mary I of England. Connecticut is named for its Native name.

1. Gale
   Typhoon
2. Hurricane
   Cyclone

Three of these are names for the same phenomenon - a hurricane. A gale is a generic word for any stormy weather that goes above the average. It is not a technical term.

1. Doldrums
   Westerlies
2. Easterlies
   Trades

Three of these are wind systems that move air around the planet. The doldrums, however, is​ a low-pressure area where there is virtually no wind.

1. Earthquake
   Hurricane
2. Tornado
   Waterspout

These are all natural disasters, but three of them occur in the atmosphere while earthquakes take place underground.

1. Magma
   Sill
2. Plug
   Batholith

Once magma reaches the surface, it's lava! The others are all cooled lava.

1. Mauna Kea
   K2
2. Mount Everest
   Kilimanjaro

Three of these are mountains that are the tallest in the world (ranked 1-3) measured from the base - that is, sea level. However, Mauna Kea is an island, which means arguably its base is the sea floor nearby, and in that case, it is the "tallest" - that is, it has the highest elevation relative to the surrounding ground.

1. Aral
   Red
2. Dead
   Salton

Three of these seas are drying up, as they are inland seas. The Red Sea is just fine though.

1. Olmec
   Inca
2. Aztec
   Beaker

Yep, the odd one out is the Beaker people! Inca, Olmec, and Aztec are all great American civilizations that predate the arrival of white people. Ruins of their great cities speckle the continent. The other especially notable civilization of the region is the Maya.